What is the importance of gram-positive bacteria?
Gram-positive bacteria also control various processes as cell density increases. Compared to Gram-negative bacteria using the HSL autoinducers system, Gram-positive bacteria secrete peptides and these secreted peptides are employed as autoinducers for quorum sensing.
What does Staphylococcus aureus hyaluronidase do?
Staphylococcus aureus encodes for a secreted hyaluronidase, hysA. Hyaluronidases are bacterial enzymes that cleave hyaluronic acid (HA) at the β- 1,4 glycosidic bond, yielding unsaturated disaccharides.
Does Staphylococcus produce hyaluronidase?
Gram-positive organisms capable of producing hyaluronidase include various species of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptomyces and Clostridium.
How do you identify a gram-positive bacteria?
A Gram stain is colored purple. When the stain combines with bacteria in a sample, the bacteria will either stay purple or turn pink or red. If the bacteria stays purple, they are Gram-positive. If the bacteria turns pink or red, they are Gram-negative.
Does hyaluronidase spread?
Since hyaluronidases are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of hyaluronic acid in the body, they may increase the permeability of tissue to fluids. Hyaluronidase in snake and insect venom is thought to function as a “spreading factor” by degrading host hyaluronic acid, thus allowing spread of toxin (13).
How is hyaluronidase administered?
With the patient prone, 75 Units of Hydase™ (hyaluronidase injection) is injected subcutaneously over each scapula, followed by injection of the contrast medium at the same sites.
Where is hyaluronidase found?
Human hyaluronidase is present both in organs (testis, spleen, skin, eyes, liver, kidneys, uterus, and placenta) and in body fluids (tears, blood, and semen) [5]. There are six known types (hyaluronidase 1–4, PH-20, and HYALP1).
How can you tell the difference between gram-positive and negative bacteria?
Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer lipid membrane whilst Gram negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and have an outer lipid membrane.
What is difference between gram-positive and gram negative?
What are bacterial hyaluronidases?
Bacterial hyaluronidases, enzymes capable of breaking down hyaluronate, are produced by a number of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria that initiate infections at the skin or mucosal surfaces.
What is the role of hyaluronidases in the pathophysiology of dermatomyositis?
Bacterial hyaluronidases, enzymes capable of breaking down hyaluronate, are produced by a number of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria that initiate infections at the skin or mucosal surfaces. Since reports of the hyaluronidases first appeared, there have been numerous suggestions as to the role of the enzyme in the disease process.
What is the role of hyaluronidase in the pathogenesis of Group B pneumonia?
A role for the hyaluronidase in pneumonia associated with some group B streptococcal infections may be the result of increased tissue permeability following exposure to hyaluronidase [ 37 ]. Kreil [ 1] described hyaluronidases as a group of neglected enzymes.
What can we learn from molecular advancements in hyaluronidase pathogenesis?
Molecular advances may lead to a more thorough understanding of the role of hyaluronidases in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. Many pathogenic bacteria produce extracellular products that have tissue-damaging effects.