What are the requirements for two independent navigation systems?
To satisfy the requirement for two independent navigation systems, if the primary navigation system is GPS-based, the second system must be independent of GPS (for example, VOR or DME/DME/IRU). This allows continued navigation in case of failure of the GPS or WAAS services.
Which lateral navigation methods are acceptable for RNAV 1 DPS and stars?
For RNAV 1 DPs and STARs, pilots must use a CDI, flight director and/or autopilot, in lateral navigation mode. Other methods providing an equivalent level of performance may also be acceptable.
Are navaids monitored by the ground monitors?
Although NAVAIDs are monitored by electronic detectors, adverse effects of electronic interference, new obstructions or changes in terrain near the NAVAID can exist without detection by the ground monitors.
What is the difference between Navaids and SCAT-I DGPS?
Navigation fixes based on conventional NAVAIDs or GPS are provided in the special instrument approach procedure to allow aircrews to verify the TLS guidance. The SCAT-I DGPS is designed to provide approach guidance by broadcasting differential correction to GPS. SCAT-I DGPS procedures require aircraft equipment and pilot training.
What are the requirements for onboard navigation data?
The onboard navigation data must be current and appropriate for the region of intended operation and should include the navigation aids, waypoints, and relevant coded terminal airspace procedures for the departure, arrival, and alternate airfields.
Is the area directly above the navaid usable for navigation?
A conical area directly above the NAVAID is generally not usable for navigation. A NAVAID will have service volume restrictions if it does not conform to signal strength and course quality standards throughout the published SSV.
Do aircraft equipped with GPS need a specific navaid to fly approaches?
GPS-equipped aircraft do not need underlying ground-based NAVAIDs or associated aircraft avionics to fly the approach. Monitoring the underlying approach with ground-based NAVAIDs is suggested when able. Existing overlay approaches may be requested using the GPS title; for example, the VOR or GPS RWY 24 may be requested as “GPS RWY 24.”